Cilt rengiyle ilişkili 135 yeni gen tespit edildi

 

İnsanlara cilt rengini veren pigmentasyonla ilgili 135 yeni gen tanımlandı. ABD'de yapılan araştırmadaki bulguların cilt kanseri ve vitiligo tedavilerinde yeni ilaç ve yol arayışına yön vermesini bekleniyor.

News Medical Life Sciences; Oklahoma Üniversitesi'nden Vivek Bajpai ve Stanford Üniversitesi'nden araştırmacılar tarafından yapılan çalışmada, insanlara cilt rengini veren pigmentasyonla ilişkili 135 yeni gen tanımlandığını yazdı. Araştırmacılar, cilt pigmenti de olarak da tanımlanan melanin üretimini etkileyen, işlevsel olarak farklı 169 gen bulurken bunlardan 135'inin daha önce pigmentasyon ile ilişkili olmadığı tespit edildi.

Araştırmaya göre, yeni keşfedilen KLF6 ve COMMD3 isimli iki genden KLF6 isimli DNA bağlayıcı protein, insanlarda ve hayvanlarda melanin üretimi kaybına yol açarken diğer türlerde ise melanin üretiminde rol oynuyor. COMMD3 ise, melanozomların asitliğini kontrol ederek melanin sentezini düzenliyor.

Cilt kanseri araştırmalarını etkileyecek

Bajpai, çalışmayla ilgili "Melanini neyin düzenlediğini anlayarak daha açık tenli insanları melanomdan veya cilt kanserinden korumaya yardımcı olabiliriz. Bu yeni melanin genlerini hedefleyerek vitiligo ve diğer pigmentasyon hastalıkları için melanin değiştiren ilaçlar da geliştirebiliriz" açıklamasında bulundu. Araştırmacılar, bu tür melanin üreten genleri keşfederek mikroplara ve hastalıklara karşı etkili müdahaleler geliştirebilir. Araştırma, Journal Science  adlı dergide yayımlandı.

Kaynak: Gazete Oksijen

Vitiligo Clinic and Research Center at UMass Chan to coordinate $3.75 million remote clinical study

 

Researchers at the University of Massachusetts (UMass) Chan Medical School are currently embarking on a multi-million-dollar clinical study aiming to identify the biological and molecular signatures that may predispose at-risk individuals to developing vitiligo.1

The $3.75 million study is being funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and is led by John Harris, MD, PhD, chair and professor of dermatology and director of the Vitiligo Clinic & Research Center; Manuel Garber, PhD, professor of molecular medicine, a member of the Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, and director of the Bioinformatics Core at UMass Chan; and Medhi Rashigi, MD, assistant professor of dermatology.

The researchers note that after the first year of vitiligo treatment, depigmentation is likely to return in as many as 40% of patient cases. This is compounded, they say, by a scarcity of samples and data from a cohort of patients who are representative of the collective of those with the condition, despite a significant link between genetics and vitiligo.1

Study enrollment began on June 25, 2023, or World Vitiligo Day. Over the course of the next 5 years, researchers hope to enroll around 1,000 participants in the study, which will be conducted entirely remotely. It is anticipated that of these 1,000 participants, 200 will have a clinical vitiligo diagnosis, while the remainder of participants will be family members or direct blood relatives of those with vitiligo.

Because of the link between genetics and vitiligo, Harris, Garber, and Rashigi say that they anticipate between 40 to 60 of the 800 familial participants without vitiligo will develop vitiligo at some point throughout the study’s duration.

Sampling will be conducted on a semi-annual basis, with participants being asked to complete questionnaires and submit blood, saliva, and skin tissue samples every 6 months. The questionnaires will garner data related to patients’ health, diet, and overall lifestyle. Researchers will examine the samples and questionnaire outcomes to identify environmental and outside factors, disease onset and severity, antibodies, biomarkers, and subclinical signatures of disease.

“Using this information, clinical scientists can build models to predict disease onset, progression and relapse,” according to UMass Chan Medical School.1 “Information gleaned from the clinical study can also be used to inform the course of other autoimmune diseases in which the body’s immune system attacks its own cells.”

Reference: https://www.umassmed.edu/news/news-archives/2023/06/clinical-study-aims-to-identify-early-molecular-and-biological-signatures-of-vitiligo/

New treatment study in vitiligo.

 

Study Overview

Brief Summary: 

Metformin modulates metabolism in multiple cell types and is currently used to reduce glucose levels and insulin resistance in diabetic patients. The investigators hypothesize that oral metformin can regulate the metabolism of CD8+ T cells, reduce their cytotoxic activity and thus serve as a novel treatment for vitiligo. 

Detailed Description: Metformin modulates metabolism in multiple cell types and is currently used to reduce glucose levels and insulin resistance in diabetic patients. Bae et al. reported that the use of metformin correlated with a lower risk of developing vitiligo, suggesting that metformin could potentially mitigate the disease. The investigators found that treating mouse T cells with metformin during activation reduced their mitochondrial respiration and proliferation, while mice treated with metformin reversed their vitiligo. Therefore, the investigators hypothesize that regulation of CD8+ T cell metabolism in vitiligo patients by metformin will reduce their proliferation and cytotoxic activity, resulting in skin repigmentation and thus serve as a novel treatment. The investigators plan to treat approximately 30 subjects with stable vitiligo. Metformin is FDA-approved for use with dosing from 500-2000 mg/day. It has a rare risk of lactic acidosis, which can be meaningful in patients with risk factors such as renal insufficiency. This risk is directly proportional to the dose given; therefore, participants will be started at a lower dose (500 mg twice daily) with follow-up to monitor any arising symptoms. Per current clinical recommendations, participants will only be increased to higher-dose metformin (1000 mg twice daily) if the initial dose is tolerated. 

Reference: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05607316?cond=Vitiligo&rank=6

Do you also have high serum gastrin levels? Vitiligo can be caused by the stomach.

I was recently examined by a gastroentrologist for stomach problems and my serum gastrin levels were high. Gastrin stimulates hydrochloric acid when there is no acid in the stomach. Other causes can also increase the gastrin hormone. The research continues. I think you should have your gastrin hormone levels checked. I have added an article below for those who want to look.

Serum Gastrin- Vitiligo: 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673674904838?via%3Dihub

Homeopathic Treatment of Vitiligo: A Report of Fourteen Cases

This retrospective study of a series of 14 cases of vitiligo treated with individualized homeopathic compounds showed that although vitiligo is a primary autoimmune disease of the skin, patients with vitiligo may have involvement of multiple systems of the body. This case series showed that prolonged periods of psychological stress might be involved in the onset and progression of the vitiligo. Homeopathic medicine includes a holistic approach to the understanding of the patient and integrates this approach to provide individualized patient treatment . These clinical responses to homeopathic treatment in patients with vitiligo may be considered to be an ideal response to treatment .

However, for an optimal response to homeopathic treatment to occur, treatment should begin when the body has not suffered the effects of the disease for long and before the immune response becomes irreversible. In the 14 cases of vitiligo treated with homeopathy and presented in this case series, the longer the time that elapsed between the onset of vitiligo and the homeopathic consultation, the more difficult it was to obtain a good clinical response. The cases of vitiligo that presented in the advanced stages required more homeopathic remedies and in a correct sequence to see clinical change. An explanation of these findings may have been that the health level of the patients had worsened with time and that the immune system needed more stimulation and time to bring about a positive clinical effect on vitiligo .

In 14 patients with vitiligo treated with individualized homeopathy, the best results were achieved in the patients who were treated in the early stages of their disease.

reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5723025/?fbclid=IwAR1EekDHk_7OXrYm0v42aX-5HLQ5CEUuGpAm4Lr7zt2RuVX8-Q2DIvajROw

World Vitiligo Day

World Vitiligo Day (WVD) 2023 kicks off in Almaty, Kazakhstan, June 23-26, under the theme “Vitiligo: Looking into the Future.” Join our global community for events in Almaty, Brussels, and Atlanta. We'll have vitiligo-focused sessions, microsurgery demos, advocacy endeavors, and inspiring keynotes. Together, we'll create a future free from vitiligo. Stay tuned for more! Find all the details on our website, Events section

Reference: https://www.facebook.com/VRFoundation/posts/pfbid02aQ7x7eBJL277c895wFd8ZDd2booBaKUNEc1N3uRnhkWgj8Ft6rsXGKaXSurYxPpUl?notif_id=1687211457712759&notif_t=notify_me_page&ref=notif

Baricitinib is Effective in Treating Progressing Vitiligo in vivo and in vitro

To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of baricitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, in treating patient with progressing vitiligo, and to further explore the regulation of baricitinib on melanocytes (MCs) in vitro.

Four patients with progressing vitiligo were treated with oral baricitinib for a total of 12 weeks. MCs were cultured in vitro and irradiated by high-dose ultraviolet B (UVB, 150mJ/cm2) to make an MC damaged model (MC-Ds). Baricitinib was added at a final concentration of 25 μM. Dopamine staining and NaOH method were used to measure the tyrosinase activity and melanin level, respectively, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to measure the mRNA levels of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1).

Results

Significant re-pigmentation was observed in the week 12 without obvious side effects. Depigmentation occurred in 2 patients at the 3-month follow-up. Laboratory research found that higher doses of UVB irradiation (150mJ/cm2) could decrease melanin content of MCs, baricitinib (25 μM) could significantly promote tyrosinase activity, melanin content, and TYR, TRP-1 gene expression of MC-Ds.

Conclusion

Our preliminary study showed that baricitinib was effective and safe in treating progressing vitiligo. Baricitinib could promote tyrosinase activity, melanin content and TYR, TRP1 gene expression of MC-Ds in vitro.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9160904/

Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe autoimmune disease that predominantly affects young women. SLE is characterized by the formation of autoantibodies and immune complex–mediated inflammation and organ damage. Although autoreactive B cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of SLE, B-cell depletion by antibodies has only limited therapeutic efficacy. This paradox has been attributed to the inaccessibility and persistence of autoreactive B cells within lymphatic organs and inflamed tissues or the pathologic role of CD20-negative plasma cells, which may act as an additional source of autoantibodies in patients with SLE. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–modified T cells that have been genetically engineered to recognize CD19 and other B-cell surface antigens have emerged as a powerful tool for the treatment of relapsed or refractory B-cell cancers. This technological breakthrough, together with recent convincing data on the role of B cells in disease pathogenesis derived from preclinical lupus models, provides a rationale for the use of CAR T-cell therapies in patients with SLE.

We report here on the use of autologous CD19 CAR T cells in the treatment of an autoimmune disease. A 20-year-old woman with severe and refractory SLE presented with active lupus nephritis (World Health Organization class IIIA, indicating focal proliferative disease with active lesions), nephrotic syndrome, pericarditis, pleurisy, rash, arthritis, and a history of Libman–Sacks endocarditis. Previous treatments with hydroxychloroquine, high-dose glucocorticoids, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, and tacrolimus, as well as the B-cell–targeting therapies belimumab and rituximab, did not control symptoms, deplete B cells, or abrogate autoimmunity (Fig. S1 in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org). All the treatments were stopped before the planned CAR T-cell infusion, and only low-dose prednisolone was administered. CD19 CAR T cells were produced by lentiviral transduction of autologous fresh leukapheresis in the closed automated CliniMACS Prodigy system (Supplementary Methods section in the Supplementary Appendix). After preparatory lymphodepletion with fludarabine at a dose of 25 mg per square meter of body-surface area per day on days −5, −4, and −3 and cyclophosphamide at a dose of 1000 mg per square meter on day −3, an infusion of 1.1×106 CD19 CAR T cells per kilogram of body weight (ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ T cells, 3:1) was administered on day 0.

reference: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2107725

YENİ VİTİLİGO İLACI İÇİN SAĞLIK BAKANLIĞI'NA CİMER'DEN YAZDIK!

Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından cevaplanması talebi ile

Sayın Yetkili,

Son yıllarda insanlarda görülme sıklığı giderek artan, bağışıklık sistemi hastalığı olarak bilinen ve kişilerde yoğun psikolojik problemler yaratabilen Vitiligo'nun tedavisinde kullanılmak üzere FDA tarafından onaylanan bir ilaç ABD'de piyasaya sürüldü. İlk defa bir topikal krem "vitiligo" tedavisinde kullanılıyor. Şu ana kadar kullanılan tüm tedaviler, başka deri hastalıkları (dermatit, sedef vb.) için üretilen ve kısmen vitiligo için de kullanılan ilaçlardı. ABD'de üretilen bu ilk vitiligo ilacı Sağlık Bakanlığımız tarafından SGK kapsamına alınacak mıdır? Bakanlığımız bu konuda herhangi bir çalışma yürütmekte midir? FDA tarafından onaylanan vitiligo ilacına ait web sitesi aşağıdadır.

https://www.opzelura.com/vitiligo

Bilgilerinizi ve gereğini arz ederim.

Topical methotrexate 1% gel for treatment of vitiligo: A case report and review of the literature

 

          Vitiligo is quite a common hypopigmentary disorder, which may affect both children and adults with important psychological effects due to the well-known leopard skin-like appearance. Even if asymptomatic and not life threatening, vitiligo has to be increasingly studied and treated. Hitherto, the efficacy of topical methotrexate in treatment of vitiligo has not been reported. We herein reporting our preliminary observation on the promising efficacy of topical methotrexate in one patient with stable vitiligo. The patient applied topical methotrexate 1% gel twice daily for 12 weeks. Significant improvement of the lesion with no local or systemic side effects were noted during the course of therapy. We propose that this well-tolerated drug can be used for vitiligo therapy; however, further investigations should be performed to ascertain the exact topically effective dose.

reference:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/dth.13013

Sağlık Bakanlığı Yeni Vitiligo İlacını Karşılayacak mı?

 

FDA'nın geçtiğimiz günlerde ilk Vitiligo ilacı olan Opzelura (Ruxolitinib) Sağlık bakanlığımız tarafından karşılanacak mı merak konusu. İlacın fiyatı şu an 2 bin dolar ve Türkiye'de bu fiyatı ödeyebilecek hasta sayısı gerçekten sınırlı. Çünkü bu tedavi süreci 24 ila 52 hafta arasında ve %75 repigmentasyon sağlıyor. Sağlık Bakanlığına buradan çağrı yapıyoruz. Lütfen bu ilacı SGK kapsamına alın ve binlerce vitiligo hastasına umut olun!

Where can I buy opzelura?

NOW APPROVED FOR NONSEGMENTAL VITILIGO

IT’S HERE.

THE FIRST AND ONLY
FDA-APPROVED
VITILIGO PRESCRIPTION
TREATMENT THAT HELPS
TO REPIGMENT SKIN.

www.opzelura.com

FDA approves first topical treatment for vitiligo

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved Opzelura (ruxolitinib) as the first topical treatment for vitiligo.

The 1.5 percent cream is approved for continuous topical use twice daily to affected areas of up to 10 percent of body surface area in patients aged 12 years and older. More than 24 weeks of treatment may be needed for satisfactory patient response.

The approval was based on results from the TRuE-V clinical trials, in which more than 600 patients were randomly assigned to Opzelura or placebo. At week 24, 30 percent of patients treated with Opzelura achieved ≥75 percent improvement from baseline in the facial Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (F-VASI75) versus 8 to 13 percent of patients treated with placebo. Approximately half of Opzelura-treated patients achieved F-VASI75 at week 52.

"There have been no FDA-approved therapies available to date and the approval of Opzelura therefore marks a significant milestone," David Rosmarin, M.D., from Tufts Medical Center in Boston, said in a company press release. "I welcome a medical treatment that helps my patients with nonsegmental vitiligo who are interested in potentially reversing the depigmentation caused by their disease."

Approval was granted to Incyte.

Referance:

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-07-fda-topical-treatment-vitiligo.html

Multimodal analyses of vitiligo skin identify tissue characteristics of stable disease

Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disease characterized by the destruction of melanocytes by autoreactive CD8+ T cells. Melanocyte destruction in active vitiligo is mediated by CD8+ T cells, but the persistence of white patches in stable disease is poorly understood. The interaction between immune cells, melanocytes, and keratinocytes in situ in human skin has been difficult to study due to the lack of proper tools. We combine noninvasive multiphoton microscopy (MPM) imaging and single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) to identify subpopulations of keratinocytes in stable vitiligo patients. We show that, compared with nonlesional skin, some keratinocyte subpopulations are enriched in lesional vitiligo skin and shift their energy utilization toward oxidative phosphorylation. Systematic investigation of cell-to-cell communication networks show that this small population of keratinocyte secrete CXCL9 and CXCL10 to potentially drive vitiligo persistence. Pseudotemporal dynamics analyses predict an alternative differentiation trajectory that generates this new population of keratinocytes in vitiligo skin. Further MPM imaging of patients undergoing punch grafting treatment showed that keratinocytes favoring oxidative phosphorylation persist in nonresponders but normalize in responders. In summary, we couple advanced imaging with transcriptomics and bioinformatics to discover cell-to-cell communication networks and keratinocyte cell states that can perpetuate inflammation and prevent repigmentation.

Reference:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653192/ 

Discovery of new T-cell raises prospect of ‘universal’ cancer therapy

Researchers at Cardiff University have discovered a new type of killer T-cell that offers hope of a “one-size-fits-all” cancer therapy.

T-cell therapies for cancer - where immune cells are removed, modified and returned to the patient’s blood to seek and destroy cancer cells - are the latest paradigm in cancer treatments.

The most widely-used therapy, known as CAR-T, is personalised to each patient but targets only a few types of cancers and has not been successful for solid tumours, which make up the vast majority of cancers.

Cardiff researchers have now discovered T-cells equipped with a new type of T-cell receptor (TCR) which recognises and kills most human cancer types, while ignoring healthy cells.

Reference:

https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/news/view/1749599-discovery-of-new-t-cell-raises-prospect-of-universal-cancer-therapy

Vitiligo, Causes,Symptoms, and Treatment

 

Vitiligo is a skin disorder in which smooth white areas called macules and patches appear on a person's skin. Generally starts on the hands for arms feet and face. Globally about 1% or so of the population has Vitiligo most people who have. Vitiligo will develop the condition prior to age 40 about half develop it before age 20. Vitiligo I may have a genetic component as the condition 10 Cimarron in families. Vitiligo is sometimes associated with other medical conditions including thyroid dysfunction.There is no way to determine if it'll I will spread or remain confined to one location. Types of Vitiligo do I go can be generalized which is the most common type when macules appear in various places on the body.

Segmental which is restricted to one side of the body or one area such as the hands or face mucosal what's your fax mucous membranes of the mouth and or the genitals. 

Focal which is a rare type in which the macros are in a small area and do not spread in a certain pattern within 1 to 2 years. Tricone which means that there is a white or color lacentre been an area of lighter pigmentation and then an area of normally colored skin.

Symptoms white patches on the skin are the main side of vitiligo these patches are more common in areas where the skin is exposed to the Sun the patches maybe on the hands feet arms face and lips other common areas for white patches are the armpits and groin where the leg meets the body around the mouth eyes nostrils Naval genitals rectal areas.

Causes although the causes of Vitiligo aren't completely understood there are a number of different theories autoimmune disorder the infected person's immune system May develop antibodies that destroyed their on a science genetic factors certain factors that may increase the chance of getting Vitiligo can be inherited.

About 30% of Vitiligo cases run in families neurogenic factors a substance that is toxic to melanocytes may be released at nerve endings in the skin self-destruction a defect in the Milana size causes them to destroy themselves Google are you I may also be triggered by certain events such as physical or emotional stress because none of the explanation seemed to completely account for the condition it's possible that a combination of these factors is responsible for vitiligo.

Diagnosis usually the white patches are easily visible on the skin but Healthcare Providers can use a Wood's lamp which shines ultraviolet or UV light onto the skin to help differentiate from other skin conditions. 

     Treatment repigmentation therapy therapy camouflage therapy surgery counseling prevention since no one knows for certain what causes Vitiligo no one can tell you how to prevent it in general it is smart forever to practice safe sun exposure habits and to take good care of your skin.

Jak Inhibitors

 

Disease where the immune system attacks of pigment cells are melanocytes in the body switch to white spots open and exposed areas such as the face and hands. Patient experienced increased quality of life despite affecting about 25 to 2% of the world's. Population know medications are FDA-approved to repigment in a liger who helped evaluate. 

What's the weather in cream to see if patients maybe were pigmented. About half the patients who received the highest dose of the Medicine Group Higgins 75% or more on the face significant number of patients also repugnant at on the body as well. He should serve as smart as early as 8 weeks after starting treatment. At the top of this medicine was well-tolerated with the table for safety profile it is currently being tested in a phase 3 Program. Hopefully become the first medicine that will be approved to treat vitiligo.

What is Vitiligo

 

Vitiligo likely meaning blemish is a non contagious skin condition that is defined by patches of Discoloration or deep pigmentation. The vitiligo can affect any race or ethnicity. It tends to be more noticeable in people with darker skin Like Canadian fashion model Winnie Harlow. 

Given the effect on a person's appearance, pigment loss can really impact a person's quality of life. Which is made of a single layer of small cuboido to low column stem cells that continually divide and produce new caratinosites They continue to mature is they migrate up through the epidermal layers but the straighten baseley also contains another group of cells Melanosites which secrete the protein pigment or coloring substance called melanin Melanin is actually a broad term that constitutes several types of melanin found in people of differing skin color.

The skin is divided into three layers the epidermis dermis and hypodermis The hypodermist is made of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to the underlying muscle Just above is the dermis which contains hair follicles, nerves, and blood vessels and just above that the outer most layer of skin is the epidermis. The epidermis itself has multiple cell layers that are mostly caratinosites which are named for the keratin protein that they're filled with. Keratin is a strong fibers protein that allows caratinocytes to protect themselves from getting destroyed when you rub your hands through the sand at the beach Current assights start their life at the deepest layer of the epidermis called the straight and baseley or basil layer.

These sub types of melanin range in color from black to redish. To reddish yellow and their relative quantity and rate at which their metabolised define a person's skin color When karate sites are exposed to the sun they send a chemical signal to the melanosites which stimulates the melanosites into making more melanin The melanosites move the melanin into small sax called malanosomes and these get taken up by newly formed caratinocytes Which will later metabolize the melanin as they migrate into higher layers of the epidermis melanin then axes in natural sunscreen.

Because it's protein structure dissipates or scatters the UVB light which if left unchecked can damage the DNA in the skin cells inly to skin cancer. Melanice can also be found in the dermis at the base of the hair follicle And in the eye where the help color hair and the iris respectively. There's a loss of melanocytes or the absence of their function. Histologically having less melanin in the epidermis result in white deep pigmented patches these patches are classified by type There's nonsegmental vitiligo which is the more common type that affects any age group. And it occurs at various locations that are mirrored on both sides of the body.

There's also segmental vitiligo which mostly affects children And occurs in segments along a single spinal nerve typically only on one side of the body without crossing the midline The exact cause of melanocyte destruction isn't known But it does seem to be linked to both genetic and environmental triggers. In non-segmental vitilgo there seems to be an autoimmune element where immune cells attack the melanosites. Insegmental vitiligo there seemed to be neural factors. Where nerves released neurochemicals that damage the melanocytes. 

Other causes maybe that the melanosites get damaged by a build up of toxic metabolites Is they make melanin or in other metabolic pathways one interesting observation is called the cubner phenomenon. And that's when Vitiligo develops in skin soon after there's been a trauma like a cut abrasion or burn The main symptom of it a ligo is the irregular round or oval shaped patches of depigmentation appearing within normally pigmented skin The patches can range in size from millimeters to centimeters and can sometimes expand and merge with other patches over time The body hair and the iris may also be depigmented in affected areas Non-segmental vitiligo tends to affect the hands forearms, neck, scalp, feet, and face while segmental vitilgo tends to affect areas of skin near dorsal roots from the spinal cord.

Particularly in the face following the trigeminal nerve. The diagnosis of it a ligo is based on the appearance of D pigmented patches but a skin biopsy can also be done There are two main treatments. When the affected area is small, cosmetic cover up and topical immune suppressants can be applied directly to the skin. When the affected area is large systemic immune suppressant UV photo therapy skin bleaching Skin bleaching and in severe cases skin grafts can all be tried. Whatever the course of therapy sunscreen is recommended to prevent darkening of the skin areas immediately surrounding And contrasting the deep pigmentation areas and to reduce the risk of skin cancer.

Alright it's a quick vitiligo is a non contagious condition where destruction of melanosites and loss of melanin Leads to areas of deep pigmentation on the skin tends to affect the hands Arms, neck, scalp, feet, and face. Well, segmental vitiligo tends to affect the areas of skin near dorsal roots from the spinal cord Particularly in the face following the trigeminal nerve. For small areas, cosmetic cover up and topical immune suppressants can be used Areas systemic immune suppressants UV photo therapy skin bleaching and even skin grafts can be used as well Thanks for watching. If you're interested in a deeper dive on this topic take a look at us most.org where we have flashcards, question Gins and other awesome tools to help you learn medicine.